and 6) regional development. SixthRevitalization of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry (RPPK) that proclaimed on June 11, 2005 has six The main objectives, namely : 1) increased welfare and poverty alleviation, 2) the expansion of employment opportunities and attempted, 3) food security, 4) increased competitiveness of agriculture, 5) preservation natural resources and environment, The goal is basically to summarized as an attempt to reduce poverty, increase incomes, ensure food security national, as well as mengonservasi, rehabilitate, and conserve resources nature.
Enhancement of national food requirement at a rate of 1-2% / year mainly caused by population growth which are now numbering more than 220 million. Therefore, in addition to as one of the main targets, resistance Food is also the basis RPPK major. Efforts to increase production must be offset by an increase farmers' income, ease of accessibility consumers, and the actualization of security food. In contrast, non-food commodities are generally more commercial power is required to have high competitiveness to be able to achieve optimal global market share. By Hence, high productivity, efficiency production systems, as well as quality improvement and value-added products to support The main agricultural revitalization. Lately, and for the foreseeable will come, food security as one of the pillars and the main purpose RPPK, particularly in the revitalization of agriculture, faces four major threats are :
1) stagnation and productivity pelandaian due to technological constraints and input production, 2) production due to instability pests, diseases and stress climate, 3) a decrease in productivity due to degradation of land and water resources and environmental degradation, and 4) shrinking land, especially paddy fields result is converted to irrigated land non-agricultural.
In agricultural development national food security has a strategic role because: 1) access to food and nutrition is simply the most basic human rights for humans, 2) the adequacy of food instrumental in the formation qualified human resources, and 3) food security to be one a main pillar in sustaining resilience economic and national security sustainable. To realize the national food security, availability adequate food in terms of quantity, quality, quality, nutrition, safety and diversity, at an affordable price by the whole society must be met. It is set in the Act No. 7/1996 on food and PP. 68/2002 on food security. The agricultural sector contributes 18% Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and a source pandapatan for 45% of the population. In addition to food crops and vegetable cropping area reached more than 16.30 million ha, commodities plantations and fruit the planting area of more than 25 million ha is the backbone and a one of economic support and development nationwide. Food crops, especially rice, is a strategic commodity for food security, while crops other than necessary to support industry development the country also played an important as an export commodity.
Increased public awareness about food safety, health, environmental, and nutritional impact increased demand for agricultural products clean and safe for consumption. In RPPK context, the environmental aspects as well become a very important issue in the sector agriculture, both in relation to food security and sustainability natural resources and environment at the level nationally and for the benefit diplomacy and international trade.
Enhancement of national food requirement at a rate of 1-2% / year mainly caused by population growth which are now numbering more than 220 million. Therefore, in addition to as one of the main targets, resistance Food is also the basis RPPK major. Efforts to increase production must be offset by an increase farmers' income, ease of accessibility consumers, and the actualization of security food. In contrast, non-food commodities are generally more commercial power is required to have high competitiveness to be able to achieve optimal global market share. By Hence, high productivity, efficiency production systems, as well as quality improvement and value-added products to support The main agricultural revitalization. Lately, and for the foreseeable will come, food security as one of the pillars and the main purpose RPPK, particularly in the revitalization of agriculture, faces four major threats are :
1) stagnation and productivity pelandaian due to technological constraints and input production, 2) production due to instability pests, diseases and stress climate, 3) a decrease in productivity due to degradation of land and water resources and environmental degradation, and 4) shrinking land, especially paddy fields result is converted to irrigated land non-agricultural.
In agricultural development national food security has a strategic role because: 1) access to food and nutrition is simply the most basic human rights for humans, 2) the adequacy of food instrumental in the formation qualified human resources, and 3) food security to be one a main pillar in sustaining resilience economic and national security sustainable. To realize the national food security, availability adequate food in terms of quantity, quality, quality, nutrition, safety and diversity, at an affordable price by the whole society must be met. It is set in the Act No. 7/1996 on food and PP. 68/2002 on food security. The agricultural sector contributes 18% Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and a source pandapatan for 45% of the population. In addition to food crops and vegetable cropping area reached more than 16.30 million ha, commodities plantations and fruit the planting area of more than 25 million ha is the backbone and a one of economic support and development nationwide. Food crops, especially rice, is a strategic commodity for food security, while crops other than necessary to support industry development the country also played an important as an export commodity.
Increased public awareness about food safety, health, environmental, and nutritional impact increased demand for agricultural products clean and safe for consumption. In RPPK context, the environmental aspects as well become a very important issue in the sector agriculture, both in relation to food security and sustainability natural resources and environment at the level nationally and for the benefit diplomacy and international trade.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AGRICULTURE
The Earth Summit (Earth Summit) 1992 in Rio de Janeiro is the main indicator growing attention and concern the international world of trouble environment and increasingly raises importance of sustainable development. Environmental issues in the agricultural sector has been a topic of conversation after the The Green Revolution was rolled at the end of 1960 - an. In addition to its attention and concern the larger world community, realizing also that some technological innovations charge of the Green Revolution has the potential damaging or disturbing the environment.The main purpose of the Green Revolution was to produce enough food to meet the needs of the population that number continues to increase. Green Revolution in Indonesia was marked by the introduction of high yielding varieties of rice responsive to fertilizer and irrigation. Pest and disease control plants sought by applications pesticides. On the one hand, the Green Revolution proved to increase production national food, but on the other hand has led to the emergence of problems environment as a result of errors application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In the agricultural sector, there are three issues important were strongly associated with conservation of natural resources and environment, namely: 1) the impact of using various agricultural inputs to the product, land, and the environment, 2) the impact of system farming, mainly rice and paddy tidal wetlands, the emission greenhouse gas (GHG), and 3) the impact industrial, residential, and urban to land productivity and sustainability agricultural environment.
Residual contamination Input Agrochemical Indonesia with a population of many and growing need food products in a number that continues to increased. Associated with resistance food, it requires the efforts increase food production at a rate of high and sustained. Rely food imports for resistance national food of course risky to various aspects of life, including economic, social, and national politics.
To meet the needs of food, application of Green Revolution technologies have an impact positively to the increase national rice production, from 18 million tons in 1970 to 54 million tons in 2004, or tripled. In same period, productivity of rice increased from 2.25 t / ha to 4.58 t / ha, or doubled. After a successful self-sufficiency in rice achieved in 1984, it was realized that implementation of the Green Revolution has some negative impacts, such as tendency of the use of inputs high, especially fertilizers and pesticides. In the one hand, the use of fertilizers and pesticides chemistry is very important means to increase production rice. On the other hand, the use of both This turned out to have polluted agroinput most of the resources of land, water, and environment. The development of modern varieties, especially rice, has encouraged use of inorganic fertilizers real. Yielding varieties of rice are generally highly responsive to fertilizer N, P, and K. Reality on the ground was indicate that the developments technology and agriculture, both in intensification or extensification program, followed by the development of pest and disease, both in types and intensity attack. This has prompted increased use of pesticides for its control.
In the implementation of the program intensification and expansion of rice-based Green Revolution technology, the use of chemical fertilizers increased nearly six times fold, from 635 thousand tons in 1970 to 4.42 million tons in 2003. At present the need for chemical fertilizers the rice reached 4.50 million tons / years. Various research results show that the use of fertilizers by farmers tend to be exaggerated, especially in rice. The range of use urea fertilizer (N) adults is 100 - 800 kg / ha, and P and K fertilizer each 0-300 and 0-250 kg kg / ha (Las et al. , 2006). In fact, according Kasryno (2006), compared with some producing countries rice in Asia, the use of fertilizers in Indonesia is relatively high at 105, 22, 14 kg / ha respectively for N, P2O5, and K2O, compared to 95, 40, 35 kg / ha in Malaysia, 90, 33, 17 kg / ha in Thailand, and 51, 15, 11 kg / ha in the Philippines. In addition to waste, the use of Excessive fertilizers also do not favorable for the preservation of land and the environment. Residues of N fertilizer nitrate (NO3) had contaminated some water resources and irrigation water well ground water (wells), and even product agriculture. The maximum limit of the content nitrate in water is only 4.50 ppm. Approximately 85% of the water that irrigates most of the rice fields in Java contain nitrate average of 5.40 ppm or 20% higher of tolerance limits. The use of fertilizer N, P, and K continuously with the dose high yields without the return of the remaining will accelerate the depletion of other nutrients such as S, Ca, Mg and micro elements Zn and Cu. On the other hand, the addition of a special micro elements very rarely even been done by farmers, but to support the production efficient and sustainable crop required the balance of macro nutrient availability and micro levels in the soil. Intensive rice cultivation with fertilization is continually not only led to high fertilizer residue, but also increase content of heavy metals Pb expecially (Plumbun) and Cd (cadmium). Ardiwinata et al. (1999) and Kasno et al. (2003) identified 21-40% of paddy fields in the path Pantura, West Java, categorized polluted or contaminated by a second heavy metals, even 4-7% of which are categorized as contaminated weight (> 1.0 and> 0.24 ppm).Similar to the fertilizer, the use of pesticides also increased significant during the Green Revolution in effect, from 5234 tonnes in 1978 to more than 18,000 tons in1986. A similar trend is also occur in vegetable crops, plantations, and other plants with the allocation use about 10% and 24.40% (Harsanti et al., 1999; Jatmiko et al. 1999; Nurjaya 2003). In 2002 there were 813 formulations and 341 active ingredients and pesticides that have been circulated, 40% of which are insecticides, 29% herbicides, fungicides and 19% (Directorate Fertilizers and Pesticides 2002).Negative impacts of pesticide use include: 1) increased resistance to pests and resurjensi plants (OPT), 2) disruption of the balance of biodiversity, including natural enemies (predators) and other important organisms, 3) disruption of human and animal health, and 4) contamination of plant products, water, soil, and air. In some areas of Java, pesticide residues in some foods including soy products have been approach the maximum residue limits (MRL), compounds mainly organophosphates, carbamates, and organokhlorin. Trend The same is happening on the ground, irrigation water, and fish. Pesticide residues also have a negative impact of steroid metabolism, the function thyroid and spermatogenesis, as well as system or known reproductive pesticides endocrine disrupted (eds). Although integrated pest management with the use of pesticideshas provided tangible results in suppress pests and diseases plants, the impact very dangerous. Therefore, the use of pesticides should be reduced or rationalized, either through the application IPM is expressly and development
organic farming systems prefer the use of the enemy natural and biological pesticides. profit rationalization of the use of pesticides include: 1) reduce the damage land resources, water, environment, and products, 2) reduce health risks for humans, and 3) increase farm profit (production efficiency).
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