The major approaches to gathering data about a phenomenon are from primary sources: directly from subjects by means of experiment or observation, from informants by means of interview, or from respondents by questionnaire and survey instruments. Data may also be obtained from secondary sources: information that is readily available but not necessarily directly related to the phenomenon under study. Examples of secondary sources include published academic articles, government statistics, an organization’s archival records to collect data on activities, personnel records to obtain data on age, sex, qualification, length of service, and absence records of workers, etc. Data collected and analyzed from published articles, research papers and journals may be a primary source if the material is directly relevant to your study. For instance, primary sources for a study conducted using the Job Descriptive Index may be Hulin and Smith (1964-68) and Jackson (1986-90), whereas a study using an idiosyncratic study population, technique and assumptions, such as those published by Herzberg, et alia (1954-59), would be a secondary source.
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