Instrument Data Collectors
Has been discussed in previous chapters of the study variables and determine the source of research data. Of the study variables can be identified what data is required and can then be determined from where the source data. If we can determine the source of the data, then the following question is an instrument (tool) was used to collect data. Suppose a researcher wants to get data about consumer tastes. Sources of consumer data (person), the problem is what the instrument can be used to collect data? In this case we can ask directly to consumers with mewancarainya, to interview these necessary tools. A minimum of tools you can use the guide (guidelines) questions to be posed to consumers and stationery. This interview guide is a tool used to collect data on consumer tastes, so this interview guides can be regarded as a data collection instrument.
This type of data collection methods or instruments
Data collection methods associated with data collection instrument. In general, data collection instruments have the same name as the method of data collection. Data collection methods are used by researchers to collect data in research. While the research instrument is a device or facility used by researchers in collecting data in order to work more easily and the results are better, in a sense more accurate, complete and systematic so that it is easier to be processed or analyzed.
Has been discussed in previous chapters of the study variables and determine the source of research data. Of the study variables can be identified what data is required and can then be determined from where the source data. If we can determine the source of the data, then the following question is an instrument (tool) was used to collect data. Suppose a researcher wants to get data about consumer tastes. Sources of consumer data (person), the problem is what the instrument can be used to collect data? In this case we can ask directly to consumers with mewancarainya, to interview these necessary tools. A minimum of tools you can use the guide (guidelines) questions to be posed to consumers and stationery. This interview guide is a tool used to collect data on consumer tastes, so this interview guides can be regarded as a data collection instrument.
This type of data collection methods or instruments
Data collection methods associated with data collection instrument. In general, data collection instruments have the same name as the method of data collection. Data collection methods are used by researchers to collect data in research. While the research instrument is a device or facility used by researchers in collecting data in order to work more easily and the results are better, in a sense more accurate, complete and systematic so that it is easier to be processed or analyzed.
TES
The test is a series of questions or exercises are used to measure the knowledge, skill, intelligence or abilities possessed by individuals or kelompok.Ditinjau of the target or object is evaluated, then the distinguished presence of several kinds of tests or other measuring devices.
a. Tests of personality or personality test, the test is used to reveal a person's personality. This bias measured self concept, creativity, discipline, special abilities and so on.
b. Test attitudes or attitude test, which is often also referred to as the attitude scale, which is a tool used to measure a person's attitudes.
c. Interest test or measurement of interest, is a test used to explore one's interests against something
d. Achievement tests or achievement tests, the test used to measure the achievement of a person having learned something. Unlike the other tests that directly test the individual, then the achievement tests performed by first providing specific knowledge or skills to be tested. Eg to determine the effectiveness of an employee training done by previous training, then after completion of training of employees tested (test) to determine whether such training can achieve the goal (target) of the training.
e. Several other tests, eg tests of intelligence, aptitude tests etc.
In using the test method, researchers used the instrument in the form of the test questions and test questions consist of many test items, each measuring one type of variable.
The test is a series of questions or exercises are used to measure the knowledge, skill, intelligence or abilities possessed by individuals or kelompok.Ditinjau of the target or object is evaluated, then the distinguished presence of several kinds of tests or other measuring devices.
a. Tests of personality or personality test, the test is used to reveal a person's personality. This bias measured self concept, creativity, discipline, special abilities and so on.
b. Test attitudes or attitude test, which is often also referred to as the attitude scale, which is a tool used to measure a person's attitudes.
c. Interest test or measurement of interest, is a test used to explore one's interests against something
d. Achievement tests or achievement tests, the test used to measure the achievement of a person having learned something. Unlike the other tests that directly test the individual, then the achievement tests performed by first providing specific knowledge or skills to be tested. Eg to determine the effectiveness of an employee training done by previous training, then after completion of training of employees tested (test) to determine whether such training can achieve the goal (target) of the training.
e. Several other tests, eg tests of intelligence, aptitude tests etc.
In using the test method, researchers used the instrument in the form of the test questions and test questions consist of many test items, each measuring one type of variable.
Questionnaire (questionnaire)
Questionnaires are a number of written questions used to obtain information from respondents. The questionnaire can be divided into several types depending on the particular point of view,
a. Seen from the way the answer, then it can be divided into two, namely:
1) an open questionnaire, a questionnaire that provides the opportunity for respondents to answer with the sentence itself.
2) The questionnaire covered. Kusioner which already provides the answer so that respondents can just choose the answer that he considers appropriate.
b. Viewed from the answer given is,
1) The questionnaire directly, ie, if the respondent answered about himself
2) The questionnaire does not directly, that if the respondent answered about others
c. Seen from the form of questions, namely,
1) multiple-choice questionnaire, it means the same as a closed questionnaire because respondents only answered by the available answer choices.
2) The questionnaire contents, this equates to an open questionnaire, for respondents to answer with the sentence itself.
3) Check list, a list of where respondents live put a check mark in the appropriate columns
4) Rating scale, the question is followed by columns showing the levels, eg, from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
The advantage of using the questionnaire are:
a. Does not require the presence of researchers
b. Can be made anonymous so that respondents could answer freely and honestly and no load / pressure
c. Can be made the standard so that all respondents are given the exact same question.
Disadvantages of using questionnaires is:
a. Respondents are not careful in answering, so there is a question that passed (missed).
b. Although it is made anonymous, respondents sometimes intentionally dishonest answer.
c. Questionnaire return rate is low, especially if sent by mail.
d. Payback time is highly variable, which is fast but there are also many who are late to interfere with or slow down the timetable for completing the study.
The questionnaire was delivered to the respondent should be given a letter of introduction. This would give the impression that the respondents valued and participation is desirable.
Things that should exist in the letter are:
A. Respondents complete with office address (if any)
2. Purpose of conducting research and the importance of such research
3. The importance of the respondents in this study
4. When filling out the questionnaire (eg, questionnaires are expected to be returned no later than 2 weeks since the questionnaire is received).
5. If you use the postal services should be provided amplom who has written a complete address of the researcher and was given a stamp
6. Thanks to the respondent
7. Clearly the sender's name and signature of the sender
For the thesis, along with a letter of introduction from the researchers also need to attach a research permit issued by the educational institution concerned.
a. Respondents are not careful in answering, so there is a question that passed (missed).
b. Although it is made anonymous, respondents sometimes intentionally dishonest answer.
c. Questionnaire return rate is low, especially if sent by mail.
d. Payback time is highly variable, which is fast but there are also many who are late to interfere with or slow down the timetable for completing the study.
The questionnaire was delivered to the respondent should be given a letter of introduction. This would give the impression that the respondents valued and participation is desirable.
Things that should exist in the letter are:
A. Respondents complete with office address (if any)
2. Purpose of conducting research and the importance of such research
3. The importance of the respondents in this study
4. When filling out the questionnaire (eg, questionnaires are expected to be returned no later than 2 weeks since the questionnaire is received).
5. If you use the postal services should be provided amplom who has written a complete address of the researcher and was given a stamp
6. Thanks to the respondent
7. Clearly the sender's name and signature of the sender
For the thesis, along with a letter of introduction from the researchers also need to attach a research permit issued by the educational institution concerned.
INTERVIEW
Interview is often also called oral interview or questionnaire is a dialogue conducted by the interviewer to the respondent to dig up information.
Physically, the interview can be divided into two, namely,
(1) structured interview: Consists of a list of questions which the interviewer just give marks (tick marks) in the answer choices provided. In this case be such as questionnaires, except that respondents face to face with the interviewer so that if there are things that do not understand can be asked and the interviewer can directly check the completeness of respondents' answers.
(2) Unstructured Interview: the interview is conducted independently by the interviewer, but the interviewer still refer to the data or information is required. In this case the interviewer can also use the guidelines are only an outline of what things need to be asked.
Doing interviews is not an easy task. In this case the interviewer should create a relaxed but serious atmosphere so that the interviewees would answer the questions truthfully.
Interview is often also called oral interview or questionnaire is a dialogue conducted by the interviewer to the respondent to dig up information.
Physically, the interview can be divided into two, namely,
(1) structured interview: Consists of a list of questions which the interviewer just give marks (tick marks) in the answer choices provided. In this case be such as questionnaires, except that respondents face to face with the interviewer so that if there are things that do not understand can be asked and the interviewer can directly check the completeness of respondents' answers.
(2) Unstructured Interview: the interview is conducted independently by the interviewer, but the interviewer still refer to the data or information is required. In this case the interviewer can also use the guidelines are only an outline of what things need to be asked.
Doing interviews is not an easy task. In this case the interviewer should create a relaxed but serious atmosphere so that the interviewees would answer the questions truthfully.
OBSERVATIONS
In the psychological sense, observation or observation is an observation of all activities of the object using all senses. So it can be done by observation of smell, sight, hearing, touch and taste. Observations using the senses is called direct observation.
In the observational studies can be performed using tests, questionnaires, recordings pictures, sound recordings and others.
Observations can be done in two ways, namely,
a. Non-systematic observation, the observations made by observers with no use of observation instruments.
b. Systematic observation, made by the observers using the observation instrument. In this case the instrument is used to form a list of the types of activities that may arise and will be observed so that the observer is putting a sign on the column where the event appears.
In the psychological sense, observation or observation is an observation of all activities of the object using all senses. So it can be done by observation of smell, sight, hearing, touch and taste. Observations using the senses is called direct observation.
In the observational studies can be performed using tests, questionnaires, recordings pictures, sound recordings and others.
Observations can be done in two ways, namely,
a. Non-systematic observation, the observations made by observers with no use of observation instruments.
b. Systematic observation, made by the observers using the observation instrument. In this case the instrument is used to form a list of the types of activities that may arise and will be observed so that the observer is putting a sign on the column where the event appears.
DOCUMENTATION
Documentation, derived from the word document that does all the things written. In the implementation of documentation methods, researchers investigated the written objects such as books, minutes of meetings, records, relics of ancient objects is a symbol or graphic symbol.
Documentation methods can be implemented by:
1) use the documentation guidelines, which outlines the categories of documents or data to be searched,
2) check list, the list of variables where the data will be collected from this list of researchers is putting the mark on each item on the list.
QUALITY RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Instrument in the study had a very important position because the validity of the data collected will depend on whether or not the data collection instrument.
A good instrument must fulfill two essential requirements are valid and reliable.
Instrument in the study had a very important position because the validity of the data collected will depend on whether or not the data collection instrument.
A good instrument must fulfill two essential requirements are valid and reliable.
1. Validity
Validity is a measure of the level of validity of an instrument. Said to be a valid instrument to measure exactly where the studied variables. High and low validity of the instrument indicate the extent to which the data collected did not deviate from the actual picture of the variable in question. To find out the accuracy of this data is necessary validity.
There are two kinds of validity according to the way the test, the external validity and internal validity.
a. External validity, if the data generated from the instrument in accordance with the data or other information about the study variable in question.
So there are other sources of data that can be used to check Croos. For example measuring the ability of students in the practice of auditing. Instrument used in this case a test case of audit. Then the test results of students compared to the case of an audit student achievement index is concerned. If the audit test results correlated with the performance index is theoretically audit instrument that it meets the test of external validity.
b. Internal validity is achieved when there is compatibility between parts of the instrument with the instrument as a whole.
In other words, an instrument said to have had internal validity if all the instruments to support "mission" the instrument as a whole, which revealed the data of the studied variables. While the definition of the instrument can be any item of the questionnaire items or questions about the test, but. Can also be a collection of items are those items that reflect a factor. In connection with this point then there is the term of validity and faliditas factor. An instrument has a validity of grain / high factor if the items or factors that make up the instrument does not deviate from the instrument function.
2. Reliability
Reliability refers to the notion that an instrument can be trusted enough to be used as a data collection tool.
A good instrument will not be tendentious directing the respondents to choose answers to specific answers. If the data is correct according to fact, some taken kalipun still produce the same data. Thus a reliable instrument if the instrument is said to be able to produce consistent measurements when used multiple times.
There are two types of reliability is the reliability of external and internal reliability.
As with any validity, the two names are shown on how to test the reliability. If the size or the benchmark instrument outside the test results obtained from the external reliability. If the test is performed using data from the instrument itself it will meghasilkan internal reliability.
To test the validity and reliability of the instrument can be used SPSS software (Statistical Product and Service Solution).
Validity is a measure of the level of validity of an instrument. Said to be a valid instrument to measure exactly where the studied variables. High and low validity of the instrument indicate the extent to which the data collected did not deviate from the actual picture of the variable in question. To find out the accuracy of this data is necessary validity.
There are two kinds of validity according to the way the test, the external validity and internal validity.
a. External validity, if the data generated from the instrument in accordance with the data or other information about the study variable in question.
So there are other sources of data that can be used to check Croos. For example measuring the ability of students in the practice of auditing. Instrument used in this case a test case of audit. Then the test results of students compared to the case of an audit student achievement index is concerned. If the audit test results correlated with the performance index is theoretically audit instrument that it meets the test of external validity.
b. Internal validity is achieved when there is compatibility between parts of the instrument with the instrument as a whole.
In other words, an instrument said to have had internal validity if all the instruments to support "mission" the instrument as a whole, which revealed the data of the studied variables. While the definition of the instrument can be any item of the questionnaire items or questions about the test, but. Can also be a collection of items are those items that reflect a factor. In connection with this point then there is the term of validity and faliditas factor. An instrument has a validity of grain / high factor if the items or factors that make up the instrument does not deviate from the instrument function.
2. Reliability
Reliability refers to the notion that an instrument can be trusted enough to be used as a data collection tool.
A good instrument will not be tendentious directing the respondents to choose answers to specific answers. If the data is correct according to fact, some taken kalipun still produce the same data. Thus a reliable instrument if the instrument is said to be able to produce consistent measurements when used multiple times.
There are two types of reliability is the reliability of external and internal reliability.
As with any validity, the two names are shown on how to test the reliability. If the size or the benchmark instrument outside the test results obtained from the external reliability. If the test is performed using data from the instrument itself it will meghasilkan internal reliability.
To test the validity and reliability of the instrument can be used SPSS software (Statistical Product and Service Solution).
After the instrument is designed for use should the researchers first tested to determine whether respondents understood the questions asked in the questionnaires. Samples selected for testing purposes is a must sample from a population where the study sample will be taken. In the trial, the respondents were given the opportunity to provide suggestions for improvement for the tested questionnaire.
Then if auxiliary power is used for data collection, the enumerator must be trained first so that will be able to understand what should be done in the field. The training is very important because if the wrong attitude data collectors in the interview, for example, then this will affect the data provided by respondents, resulting in incorrect data collected. A data collector also must have expertise and experience. The less experience data collection increasingly influenced by their own desire, the more bias the data collected.
If the instrument used was a questionnaire sent to respondents, the problem often encountered is not the return of these questionnaires. In this case the researchers were able to send a letter to remind respondents to return questionnaires have been delivered, and ensure that the willingness of respondents is desirable and meaningful.
Compared with the instrument questionnaires sent to respondents with interview data collection (interview) has a chance to obtain more data and more complete. For interview will require auxiliary power, and therefore training should be given to the interviewer (the interviewer) to provide objective and reliable data.
Training for interviewers in general through two stages, namely:
a. The first stage, prospective study interviewer interview guidelines and matters related to the condition of the interview, transaportasi, securing data, which revealed variable and so on. On this occasion to consider whether the expectations of researchers should be disclosed or not, because sometimes it makes the interviewer had a tendency to lead to the expectation that the data can result in bias.
b. The second stage, the prospective interviewers were trained how to be a good interviewer, how dating, open conversation, expressed the intention, ask questions, provide responses to the conversation. Interviews should be carried out effectively, the atmosphere should be relaxed so that the obtained data is data that is objective and reliable.
In the trial investigators should note that the techniques and conditions which are most favorable reception of the most precise information. Should be used at trial or video tape recorder so that it can be evaluated.
Then if auxiliary power is used for data collection, the enumerator must be trained first so that will be able to understand what should be done in the field. The training is very important because if the wrong attitude data collectors in the interview, for example, then this will affect the data provided by respondents, resulting in incorrect data collected. A data collector also must have expertise and experience. The less experience data collection increasingly influenced by their own desire, the more bias the data collected.
If the instrument used was a questionnaire sent to respondents, the problem often encountered is not the return of these questionnaires. In this case the researchers were able to send a letter to remind respondents to return questionnaires have been delivered, and ensure that the willingness of respondents is desirable and meaningful.
Compared with the instrument questionnaires sent to respondents with interview data collection (interview) has a chance to obtain more data and more complete. For interview will require auxiliary power, and therefore training should be given to the interviewer (the interviewer) to provide objective and reliable data.
Training for interviewers in general through two stages, namely:
a. The first stage, prospective study interviewer interview guidelines and matters related to the condition of the interview, transaportasi, securing data, which revealed variable and so on. On this occasion to consider whether the expectations of researchers should be disclosed or not, because sometimes it makes the interviewer had a tendency to lead to the expectation that the data can result in bias.
b. The second stage, the prospective interviewers were trained how to be a good interviewer, how dating, open conversation, expressed the intention, ask questions, provide responses to the conversation. Interviews should be carried out effectively, the atmosphere should be relaxed so that the obtained data is data that is objective and reliable.
In the trial investigators should note that the techniques and conditions which are most favorable reception of the most precise information. Should be used at trial or video tape recorder so that it can be evaluated.
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